Course
Descriptions: Biblical Studies
Biblical | History/Theology | Ministry | Supervised
Practice of Ministry | Integrative
The course descriptions below represent a listing of courses
presently available at the Schools of Theology in Dubuque.
Courses may not be available in every instance precisely as
described here. Full information on available courses, including
objectives, content and requirements, is published each semester
and available to all current students prior to registration.
Courses offered at the University of Dubuque Theological
Seminary are listed first, followed by the listing of courses
at Wartburg Theological Seminary.
Old Testament | New
Testament | Wartburg Seminary Courses
Old Testament
BI 400/500D Introduction to Old Testament Hebrew I
(4 credits)
As an introduction to grammar, syntax and vocabulary of biblical
Hebrew, the goal is to facilitate beginning stages of reading
and exegesis in the Hebrew Old Testament. Some exegetical
word studies will provide first steps in the use of lexical
tools. Traditional textbook lessons work from nouns through
an initial view of the seven verbal stems. This course is
highly recommended for certain denominational requirements
and may be taken as an elective. Undergraduates by permission
only.
Instructor: Elizabeth E. Platt
BI 403/503D Introduction to Old Testament Hebrew II (Exegesis)
(3 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 400/500D and BI 411/511D.
Continuing with studies into the schemata of weak verbs, the
textbook will be used as a reference grammar for biblical
readings. Students will apply exegetical methodologies to
appropriate narrative and poetic passages in class. They will
move into individually written exegesis projects of choice
from instructor’s list. These projects on biblical passages
will seek to be integrated with the larger course structure.
Septuagint Greek may also be employed. This course is highly
recommended for certain denominational requirements and it
may be taken to fulfill the OT exegesis requirement. Undergraduates
by permission only.
Instructor: Elizabeth E. Platt
BI 411/511D Old Testament Introduction
(3 credits)
Letter grade only
An introduction to the content, historical background, canon,
theological and critical issues of the Old Testament. This
course fulfills the M.Div. basic first-year requirement in
Old Testament studies.
Instructor: Elizabeth E. Platt
BI 540D Job: Biblical Perspectives on Suffering (Old Testament
English Exegesis)
(3 credits)
Prerequisite: BI 411/511D.
Letter grade (pass/fail optional for those taking course as
an elective)
A prime example of biblical Wisdom literature, the narrative
and poetry of the book of Job will be studied in light of
exegetical methodologies that seek to interpret its meaning
for perspectives on suffering. Comparison and contrast of
views within the book of Job will move into other perspectives
in selected biblical passages. This course meets the requirements
for the Old Testament English exegesis in the old and new
M.Div. curricula for a letter grade. It can also be taken
as an elective for a letter grade or pass/fail. Biblical languages
will be welcomed but not required.
Instructor: Elizabeth E. Platt
BI 614D Ezekiel: Introduction to the Prophets (Old Testament
English Exegesis)
(3 credits)
Prerequisite: BI 411/511D.
Letter grade (pass/fail optional for those taking the course
as an elective)
As an example of biblical prophecy related to the Exile, the
book of Ezekiel’s narrative and poetry will be studied
in light of exegetical methodologies to explore the meaning
for its time and ours. Comparison and contrast with prophets
in the biblical tradition will seek to understand this work
in its literary and religious context. This course meets the
requirements for the Old Testament English exegesis of the
old and new M.Div. curricula for a letter grade. It can also
be taken as an elective for a letter grade or pass/fail. Biblical
languages are welcomed but not required.
Instructor: Elizabeth E. Platt
BI 517D An Introduction to OT Lexicons and Concordances in
Hebrew
(1 credit module)
To provide the student who does OT exegesis in English with
a basic knowledge of the Hebrew alphabet so that there is
access to tools for Word Study which are customarily used
by students of the Hebrew language.
Instructor: Elizabeth E. Platt
BI 446/546D Bible Survey
(3 credits)
This course is designed to provide an opportunity for reading
the entire Bible (NRSV) Old and New Testaments in English.
Instructor: Elizabeth E. Platt
BI 721D Study Tour of Israel
(3 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 411/511D and BI 450/550D.
A study trip to the Middle East during the January Interim
(normally). Readings and orientation sessions prepare participants.
Instructor: a faculty member from either UDTS or WTS.
BI 714D Biblical Theology of The Christian “Old”
Testament
(2 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 411/511D, BI 450/550D and a biblical exegesis
course.
This course fulfills the OT/Biblical Theology requirement.
Letter grade only
Is the “Old Testament” a Christian book or the
“Hebrew Bible” of the Jewish communities? This
course investigates the ways the church has understood the
relation between Old and New Testaments and the differences
this conception of one Bible in two parts makes to the church’s
ministry and priorities for preaching. The identities of “God,”
“the Lord, Christ,” and “the people of God”
within this one Book of two testaments form the major issues
of the course.
Professor: David P. Moessner
BI 642D Old Testament Backgrounds of the Four Gospels: Focus
on Matthew
(2 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 411/511D and a biblical exegesis course.
This course fulfills the OT/Biblical Theology requirement.
Letter grade only
Passages and concepts from Genesis, Exodus, Samuel, Kings,
Psalms and Prophets will be studies through the lens of Matthew’s
portrayal of Jesus. Exegetical methodologies will be applied
to comparisons and contrasts with other Gospels and their
use of Old Testament passages. Biblical languages will be
welcomes but not required.
Instructor: Elizabeth E. Platt
BI 659D “Opening the Scriptures”: The ‘People
of God’ in the Acts of the Apostles
(2 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 411/511D, BI 450/550D and a biblical exegesis
course.
This course fulfills the OT/Biblical Theology requirement.
Letter grade only
Luke alone of the Four Evangelists continues his story of
fulfilled salvation in Messiah Jesus through the dramatic
splintering of Israel into the “messianic believers”
and the "hardened" people of God. This course focuses
upon the debate over Israel’s scriptures in the proclamation
of the apostolic witnesses and the resulting enactment of
the “plan of God” which formed a “church”
of Jews and Gentiles. What significance today can Acts have
for preaching and teaching and for Jewish-Christian and ecumenical
Christian dialogue?
Professor: David P. Moessner
BI 623D Introduction to Wisdom Literature
(2 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 411/511D, BI 450/550D and a biblical exegesis
course. This course fulfills the OT/Biblical Theology requirement.
Letter grade only
Studies in the Wisdom Literature and the Writings of the Old
Testament and Intertestamental/post-biblical/extra-biblical
sources, especially as interpreted by contemporary scholarship
and societal commentary. Special attention will be given to
the representation of wisdom as woman.
Instructor: Elizabeth E. Platt
BI 717D The Old Testament and Paul’s Letters
(2 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 411/511D, BI 450/550D and a biblical exegesis
course. This course fulfills the OT/Biblical Theology requirement.
Letter grade only
This course explores the Old Testament foundations for Paul’s
theology. What themes does Paul borrow from the Hebrew Scriptures?
What exegetical methods does he use? What is Paul’s
understanding of “salvation history?” Special
attention will be paid to Paul’s letter to the Romans
as the prime example of his understanding of the relationship
between God’s gift in Christ and the old covenant.
Instructor: Lyle D. Vander Broek
New Testament
BI 003/004T New Testament Greek
(8 credits for UDTS students)
Letter grade only
An introduction to New Testament Greek offered in a six week
class during the summer. Class work and tutorial help are
designed to prepare the student for exegetical work. Wartburg
M.Div. students receive no credit for this course, which is
a prerequisite for admission; UDTS students, however, may
take it for eight credit hours (see Schools of Theology in
Dubuque Summer Language Program).
Instructor: Staff
BI 402/502D Introduction to New Testament Greek I
(3 credits)
Letter grade only
This course serves as an introduction to the grammar, syntax
and vocabulary of the New Testament Greek. Its goal, along
with Introduction to NT Greek II, is to facilitate reading
and exegesis in the Greek New Testament.
Instructor: Staff
BI 404/504D Introduction to New Testament Greek II
(3 credits)
Prerequisite: BI 402/502D or equivalent.
Letter grade only
This course will allow students to complete their NT Greek
grammar and continue reading in the NT itself. Emphasis will
be place upon building vocabulary, identifying verb forms,
and becoming familiar with the more nuanced meanings and functions
of the participles, all in the service of acquiring the skills
of exegesis of the Greek New Testament.
Instructor: Staff
BI 450/550D New Testament Introduction
(3 credits)
Prerequisite: BI 404/504D.
Letter grade only
It is the goal of this course to give students: 1) an increased
knowledge of New Testament texts and themes within the first
century environment; and 2) a sharpened ability to determine
the meaning of scriptural texts by employing interpretive
methods designed to investigate their content, form, and context.
NT Greek will be used in lectures and in weekly assignments.
Instructor: Lyle D. Vander Broek
BI 657D New Testament Exegesis I
(3 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 402/502D, BI 404/504D, and BI 550D.
Letter grade only
Students are introduced to the Greek text of one of the four
Gospels and to the specific methods of exegesis designed to
illumine the Gospel literary form and its role in the church's
faith and witness. Format and organization of the course are
based on the theory that the best way to learn exegesis is
to apply the principles and methods through the discipline
of weekly translation and discussion of the major interpretive
issues. Textual criticism will also be introduced.
Instructors: David P. Moessner, Lyle D. Vander Broek
BI 658D New Testament Exegesis II
(2 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 657D NT Exegesis I.
Letter grade only
This second required course introduces students to the formal
characteristics of ancient letters and to the exegetical methods
developed to interpret a Pauline epistle. One of the (shorter)
Pauline letters will be interpreted with a goal of translating
as much of the Greek text as possible, as well as introducing
students to the theology of the larger Pauline corpus.
Instructors: Lyle D. Vander Broek, David P. Moessner
BI 659D “Opening the Scriptures”: The ‘People
of God’ in the Acts of the Apostles
(2 credits)
(See course description above under Old Testament)
Instructor: David P. Moessner
BI 717 The Old Testament and Paul’s Letters
(2 credits)
(See course description above under Old Testament)
Instructor: Lyle D. Vander Broek
BI 672D Romans
(3 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 411/511D, BI 450/550D, BI 402/502D, and
BI 404/504D.
A study of Paul’s letter to the Romans emphasizing the
content and theology of the letter and in-depth exegesis of
key passages. Of central importance is the relevance of Romans
for the contemporary church.
Instructor: Lyle D. Vander Broek
BI 695T Literary Forms in the New Testament
(3 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 411/511D, BI 450/550D, BI 402/502D, and
BI 404/504D.
Participants will consider such NT literary forms as letter,
diatribe, apocalyptic speech, hymns and confessions in Pauline
writings, and aphorisms, parable, pronouncement stories, and
miracle stories in the Gospels, in order to understand the
relationship between literary form and meaning.
Instructor: Lyle D. Vander Broek
BI 700D Intermediate Greek Reading
(3 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 402/502 Greek I and BI 404/504 Greek II;
BI 657D NT Exegesis I.
The main objective of this course is to review, consolidate,
and expand upon an elementary level of NT Greek in order to
prepare for use of the Greek NT in parish ministry. Emphasis
will be placed on a rapid reading and interpretation of theologically
rich passages from both OT (LXX) and NT for teaching and preaching.
Special attention will be devoted to mastering the various
nuanced meanings of the participle.
Instructors: David P. Moessner, Lyle D. Vander Broek
BI 774D Building Christian Community: The Interpretation
and Application of I Corinthians
(3 credits)
Prerequisites: BI 411/511D, BI 450/550D, BI 402/502D, and
BI 404/504D.
Each unit of this course will carefully exegete a passage
in I Corinthians and then consider its implications for community-building
in the local church. There will be a strong emphasis upon
the integration of the fields of Bible and Ministry. Attempts
will be made to use outside resources (i.e. pastors and lay
people) to help the class deal with community issues.
Instructor: Lyle D. Vander Broek
BI 699D Readings and Directed Research
(3 credits)
BI 799D Readings and Directed Research
(3 credits)
Wartburg Theological Seminary Biblical Studies Courses
BI 003-004W New Testament Greek
Elementary New Testament Greek. Class work and tutorial help
are designed to prepare the student for exegetical work. Wartburg
M.Div. students receive no credit for this course, which is
a prerequisite for admission. UDTS students, however, may
take it for eight semester hours. Wartburg M.A. students receive
four semester hours of credit for this course. Offered Every
Summer Instructor: Staff
BI 150/151W New Testament Letters and the Book of Revelation
(One Semester Hour - 150, Catholic Epistles and the Book of
Revelation; open to M.Div. students)
(Two Semester Hours - 151, entire course; required for M.A.
students)
The first half of this course is an introduction to the Pauline
letters, including the Pastorals; the second half is an introduction
to the Catholic Epistles and the Book of Revelation. The entire
course (151) is required for M.A. students. The second half
of the course (150) is open to M.Div. students and others
who have taken (or are taking) BI 192W.
Instructors: James Bailey, David Lull, or Staff
BI 160W Exegetical Readings in the Greek New Testament
(2 credits)
This course includes weekly translations of selected gospel
texts that relate to the course “Jesus and the Gospels,”
BI 190W. Attention is given to grammatical and syntactical
studies, vocabulary building, and methods of interpretation.
BI 190W Jesus and the Gospels
(3 credits)
An intense study of selected gospel texts that illustrate
Jesus’ conflict with the religious, political, and economic
forces of his day is coupled with an investigation of the
distinctive ways in which the four Gospels recast this Jesus
story in terms of their contexts.
BI 192W Pauline Letters and Mission
(3 credits)
A comparative survey of the unchallenged letters of Paul highlights
both the occasional nature of his letters and the missional
character of his theological and ethical thought. Attention
is also given to other letters that form the Pauline tradition.
BI 202W Readings in New Testament Greek
(1 credit)
Designed for students who wish to further their Greek competency,
this course involves translating texts from the New Testament
and discussing the pertinent grammatical, syntactical, and
interpretive issues.
Instructor: May Persaud
BI 204W Readings in Biblical Hebrew
(1 credit)
This course is designed to help students develop their skill
in translating Hebrew and building vocabulary. It meets one
hour per week during a semester.
Instructor: May Persaud
BI 210W Introduction to Islam
(1 credit)
A study of Islam, its history, beliefs and practices, and
opportunities and issues for Christian-Muslim dialogs.
Instructor: Ann Fritschel
BI 212W Overview of the Hebrew Bible
(2 credits)
An introduction to primary texts, themes and historical framework
of the Hebrew Bible. Emphasis is on interpretation of texts
for ministry (no Hebrew required).
Instructor: Staff
BI 216W Biblical Archaeology
(1 credit)
A study of archaeology in order to note its contributions
to understanding the history, culture, and religions of the
ancient biblical world.
Instructor: Ann Fritschel
BI 217W Biblical Archaeology Fieldwork
(3 credits)
Study and participation in the summer volunteer programs of
an authorized field expedition in the Middle East. Students
learn excavation, recording, interpretation, pottery typology,
attend lectures on geography and history, and tour other ancient
sites. Instructor: Staff
BI 221W Hebrew Bible: Content, Part 1
(2 credits)
This course is “part one” of a two-semester introduction
to the Hebrew Bible. Students will become acquainted with
a wide variety of Hebrew Bible texts, socio-historical contexts,
themes, and issues.
BI 222W Hebrew Language and Bible, Part 1
(4 credits)
This course is “part one” of a two-semester introduction
to the Hebrew language and Bible. Students will learn Hebrew
in the process of immersion in selected texts. During the
two semesters, students will become acquainted with a wide
variety of Hebrew Bible texts and contexts, themes and issues.
BI 223W Hebrew Bible: Content, Part 2
(2 credits)
Continuation of Hebrew Bible 1: Content. Students will become
acquainted with a wide variety of Hebrew Bible texts, sociohistorical
contexts, themes, and issues.
BI 224W Hebrew Language and Bible, Part 2
(4 credits)
Continuation of Hebrew Bible: Language and Content, Part 1.
Students will learn Hebrew in the process of immersion in
selected texts. During the two semesters, students will become
acquainted with a wide variety of Hebrew Bible texts, contexts,
themes, and issues.
BI 229W Job
(1 credit)
A study of the literary origin and nature of the Book of Job,
some of its important chapters, and the theological problem
which the author is addressing.
Instructor: Raymond Martin
BI 244W Interpreting the Bible
(Prolog Week)
(1 credit)
Required for M.Div. middlers, this course considers the topic
of biblical hermeneutics. M.A. students take BI 244W or MN
380W.
BI 245(or 6)W Feminist Approaches to Scripture
(1 credit - 245)
(2 credits - 246)
An exploration of various feminist approaches to the Bible,
with emphasis on ways these approaches can be a helpful resource
in parish ministry.
Instructor: Gwen Sayler
BI 251(or 2)W The New Testament World
(1 credit - 251)
(2 credits - 252)
A study of cultural, economic, political, and religious characteristics
of the Greco- Roman world in which Judaism and earliest Christianity
developed.
Instructor: James Bailey or David Lull
BI 260W Jesus in the Bible and Qur’an
(1 credit)
A comparative analysis of the portrayals, understandings,
and roles of Jesus in Christianity and Islam through readings
in the Bible and Qur’an.
Instructor: Ann Fritschel
BI 268(or 9)W Parables
(1 credit - 268)
(2 credits - 269)
A study of Jesus’ parables and other sayings, with a
focus on implications for preaching and teaching.
Instructor: David Lull or Staff
BI 280W Book of Revelation
(1 credit)
The course emphasizes the historical background and meaning
of the Book of Revelation and its number symbolism, with particular
attention to key concepts and passages.
Instructor: Raymond Martin
BI 281(or 2)W Apocalypse of John
(2 credits - 281)
(3 credits - 282)
A literary, sociological, historical, political, and theological
study of the Apocalypse of John (Book of Revelation), with
a focus on key texts for preaching and teaching.
Instructor: David Lull
BI 290(or 1)W Today’s News and the Gospel
(1 credit - 290)
(2 credits - 291)
This course is designed to encourage students to analyze print
and electronic media coverage of current events in light of
the gospel.
Instructor: Ann Fritschel
BI 297(or 8)W Transforming Bible Study
(1 credit - 297) (2 credits - 298) This course offers a holistic
approach to the practice of Bible study, often employing inter-disciplinary
methods.
Instructor: James Bailey or Staff
BI 302W Syriac
(3 credits)
Offered by independent study as needed. Grammar and translation.
Prerequisites: BI 222W and BI 224W.
Instructor: Gwen Sayler
BI 303W Ugaritic
(3 credits)
Offered by independent study in consultation with the biblical
division staff. Prerequisites: BI 222W and BI 224W.
Instructor: May Persaud
BI 304W Aramaic
(1 credit)
Offered as needed. Grammar and translation. Prerequisites:
BI 222W and
BI 224W.
Instructor: May Persaud
BI 321T Biblical World Study Tour
(3 credits)
This study trip to Israel and Palestine and normally another
country occurs during the January Interim. Readings and orientation
sessions prepare participants for the experience. A faculty
member of the UDTS or Wartburg Biblical Studies Division serves
as instructor and tour leader.
Instructor: Staff
BI 325W Traditions of Violence in the Bible and Implications
for Today
(3 credits)
The purpose of this course is to provide a framework within
which to understand the dynamics of violence one may encounter
in the parish and to develop biblical resources to address
it. This will be done through an examination of traditions
of violence in the Bible and through discussion of relevant
contemporary writings. We will work both in the Hebrew Bible
and the New Testament.
Instructor: Gwen Sayler
BI 327W “Story” in the Hebrew Bible: Resources
for Ministry (exegesis)
(3 credits)
Exploration of the narrative genre in the Hebrew Bible. A
central emphasis: ways in which the Hebrew Bible narratives
can serve as a valuable resource for the parish pastor.
Instructor: Gwen Sayler
BI 333W Daniel: Introduction to Apocalyptic
(3 credits)
With Daniel as the primary source, an examination of the nature
and function of apocalyptic literature in the Hebrew Bible,
intertestamental literature, and the New Testament, with emphasis
on the value of apocalyptic literature as a resource for contemporary
parish ministry.
Instructor: Gwen Sayler
BI 334W The Psalms in Israel’s Worship
(3 credits)
An introduction to the meaning and theology of the Psalms
in their historical contexts, with detailed exegesis of selected
texts.
Instructor: Ann Fritschel or Raymond Martin
BI 335W Isaiah
(3 credits)
A socio-literary analysis of all or portions of the Book of
Isaiah, with emphasis on the form and function of the Zion
tradition in Jewish thought at various points in Israel’s
history and on implications of this tradition for the New
Testament and contemporary expressions of faith.
Instructor: Ann Fritschel or Raymond Martin
BI 336W Jeremiah
(3 credits)
A socio-literary analysis of the Book of Jeremiah and an exploration
of Jeremiah’s influence on later biblical writings,
with emphasis on the value of this prophetic book as a resource
for ministry today.
Instructor: Ann Fritschel
BI 338(or 9)W Post-Exilic Narratives
(3 credits- 338)
(2 credits - 339)
A socio-literary analysis of primary postexilic narratives
(Ezra/Nehemiah, Chronicles, Jonah, Esther, Ruth, Suzanna,
Judith) with emphasis on their significance both for developing
Judaism and early Christianity and also for Christian communities
today.
Instructor: Gwen Sayler
BI 340(or 1)W Texts and Themes in the Torah
(3 credits - 340)
(2 credits - 341)
An exploration of a specific theme central to the Torah and
to the lived experience of contemporary parishioners (e.g.,
identity, community, responsibility, grounding of ethical
action), with emphasis on meaning arising from the dynamic
interplay between the texts in their contexts and modern readers
in contemporary contexts (note: themes considered in any given
semester will be selected with a view to contemporary issues
of major significance).
Instructor: Gwen Sayler
BI 342W Texts and Themes in the Prophets
(3 credits)
An exploration of a specific theme central to one or more
prophets and to the lived experience of contemporary parishioners
(e.g., ethical action, social responsibility) with emphasis
on meaning arising from the dynamic interplay between the
texts in their contexts and modern readers in contemporary
contexts.
Instructor: Ann Fritschel or Staff
BI 344W Hebrew Bible Pericopes
(3 credits)
Exegesis of selected texts designated for the church year.
Preparation of sermons and Bible studies. Prerequisite: Hebrew.
Instructor: Staff
BI 361W Luke’s Revision of Mark
(3 credits)
A study of the Gospel of Luke and its theology in its historical
origins and setting, as illustrated by a detailed study of
selected texts.
Instructor: Raymond Martin
BI 362W Mark
(3 credits)
A socio-rhetorical, historical, and theological study of the
entire narrative of the Gospel, with a focus on key texts
for preaching and teaching.
Instructors: James Bailey, David Lull, or Staff
BI 363W Luke-Acts
(3 credits)
A literary, sociological, historical, political, and theological
examination of Luke’s s tories of Jesus and the early
church, with a focus on key texts for preaching and teaching.
Instructors: James Bailey, David Lull, or Staff 2003-2005
CATALOG | 51
BI 364W Matthew
(3 credits)
A study of the Gospel as a whole and selected texts, designed
to develop skills in exegesis and interpretation of pericopes
for preaching and teaching.
Instructors: James Bailey or Staff
BI 365W Johannine Studies
(3 credits)
A literary, sociological, historical, and theological study
of the Fourth Gospel and letters of John, with a focus on
key texts for preaching and teaching.
Instructors: David Lull or Staff
BI 375W Romans
(3 credits)
A study of the background, rhetorical structure, and theology
of Paul’s letter to the Christians at Rome.
Instructors: David Lull or Staff
BI 376W Paul’s Corinthian Correspondence
(3 credits)
A study of the background, rhetorical structure, and theology
of 1 Corinthians (and sometimes 2 Corinthians).
Instructors: James Bailey, David Lull, or Staff
BI 377W Galatians
(3 credits)
A study of Paul’s Letter to the Galatian churches, with
a detailed exegesis of selected texts.
Instructors: David Lull or Raymond Martin
BI 388W New Testament Theology
(3 credits)
A seminar focusing on selected theological themes integral
to the New Testament and significant for the contemporary
mission of the church.
Instructors: James Bailey or David Lull
BI 389W New Testament Ethics
(3 credits)
A seminar focusing on selected issues integral to the New
Testament and relevant for the life and ministry of the contemporary
church.
Instructors: James Bailey or David Lull
BI 392W Texts and Themes in the Bible
(3 credits)
A team-taught study of a significant issue or theme as it
develops both in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament with
emphasis on implications of the study for ministry today.
Instructor: Staff
Biblical
| History/Theology
| Ministry
| Supervised
Practice of Ministry |
Integrative
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